Wang Xiqin
Abstract: The basic problem of education is the relationship between individual development and social development。Education develops in a system and is unified with the development of the country。Our Party and state advocate the unity of the all-round development of people and the all-round progress of society, and emphasize the comprehensiveness of education, which is the value orientation of Chinese education。Different from the educational policy of our party and country, the western educational concept represented by the United States has a one-sidedness。Reflecting on the mission of the university from the comprehensive aspect of education, we need to build a more comprehensive education system。We must strengthen our confidence in education，Adhere to the comprehensive value orientation，Against simple "individualistic" or "social" theories，Advocate the unity of the all-round development of human beings and the all-round progress of society;Insist on a complete analysis of the logical system of education，The opposition stops at the "atomization of the individual" and the "general education of the citizen".，Advocate the unity of "human's overall quality (morality, intelligence, physical fitness, beauty and labor) and human's overall role (utility plus transcendence)"。
Key words: human all-round development;Overall social progress;Education;comprehensiveness
I. Introduction
The basic problem of education is the relationship between individual development and social development。For this problem, the theory of social standard holds that education should socialize individuals through cultural transmission, internalization, integration and innovation.The individual-oriented theory holds that education should give full play to human potential and discover human value.The theory of adaptation holds that education should guide the construction and development of perfect human nature and promote social progress。In the face of conflicts between personal development and social development, different countries and universities have different choices. Some give higher priority to individual development, while others put social development in the first place。Our Party and state stand for the unification of all-round human development and all-round social progress。
习近平总书记指出，“教育是民族振兴、社会进步的重要基石，是功在当代、利在千秋的德政工程，对提高人民综合素质、促进人的全面发展、增强中华民族创新创造活力、实现中华民族伟大复兴具有决定性意义。The "two comprehensives" proposed in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Party - promoting the all-round development of people and the all-round progress of society，It is also the educational concept advocated by the Communist Party of China，That is to emphasize the comprehensiveness of education: education should unify individual development and social development，Consider prioritization in different situations，Let the individual adapt to society，At the same time, we should give full play to individual creativity。
2. All-round human development and social progress
The CPC's understanding of the all-round development of people and the all-round progress of society has undergone a process of development。1957年，毛泽东同志提出，“我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟的有文化的劳动者。From the 1950s to the 1990s, we have always emphasized the all-round development of the three aspects of "morality, intelligence and physical fitness"。1999年，The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council on Deepening educational reform and Comprehensively implementing Quality Education pointed out，We must "implement quality education，Moral education, intellectual education, physical education and aesthetic education must be organically unified in every link of educational activities."，And a year later, the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed to "cultivate socialist builders and successors with all-round development of morality, intelligence, physical beauty".。2018年的全国教育大会上，习近平总书记强调要“努力构建德智体美劳全面培养的教育体系，形成更高水平的人才培养体系”。The expression of the comprehensive development of "morality, intelligence, physical fitness, the United States and labor" is clearly defined in the Education Law of the People's Republic of China revised in 2021。From the all-round development of "morality, intelligence and physique" in the 1950s, to the increase of aesthetic education in the 1990s, and to the emphasis on labor education after the 21st century, the CPC's understanding of the all-round development of people has experienced a continuous enrichment and deepening development process。
The Communist Party of China's understanding of the overall progress of society has also undergone a process of development, and gradually formed the overall layout of the "five in one" and the "four comprehensives" strategic layout。
The early days of the People's Republic of China，We emphasize that "political work is the lifeline of all economic work";After the reform and opening up，Put forward "economic construction as the center，All other tasks are subordinate to this center ";The year 1981，Starting from the "Sixth Five-Year Plan", the economic plan of China has increased the content of social development;The year 1982，The twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasizes the "two hands" of material civilization (economy) and spiritual civilization (culture).The year 1997，The 15th National Congress of the CPC put forward the basic program of economic, political and cultural construction for the first time.The year 2007，The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build a socialist market economy, democratic politics, advanced culture, and a harmonious society。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央推动形成了全面落实经济建设、政治建设、Cultural construction、社会建设、生态文明建设的“五位一体”总体布局。
For the all-round development of society, the Party has also formed the "four comprehensives" strategic layout since the 18th National Congress。2012年，The 18th National Congress of the CPC set the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The year 2013，The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee made plans for comprehensively deepening reform;The year 2014，The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee emphasized comprehensively promoting the rule of law;The year 2015，习近平总书记在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻十八届四中全会精神全面推进依法治国专题研讨班开班式上明确提出“四个全面”战略布局，To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, comprehensively deepen reform, comprehensively rule the country according to law, and comprehensively enforce strict Party governance;The year 2017，The 19th National Congress of the CPC wrote the four-pronged Comprehensive strategy into the Constitution of the Communist Party of China.The year 2020，The task of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has been accomplished，The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee adjusted the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects to building a modern socialist country in all respects，This is also the latest expression of the "four Comprehensives" strategic layout。The Communist Party of China's understanding of the overall progress of society has also undergone a continuous enriching and deepening evolution。
Education develops in a system and is unified with the development of the country。To promote the all-round development of human beings and the all-round progress of society, the key lies in "comprehensiveness", which is the value orientation of Chinese education。
Third, the logic of general education and its one-sidedness
Different from the educational policy of our party and country, the western educational concept represented by the United States has a one-sidedness。In 1945, the Harvard Committee published the Harvard General Education Red Book (English), which divided Education into two dimensions, one is general education (General Education) and the other is Specialized education (Specialized Education).。General education is the adaptation of a person to society, aiming at preparing students to be responsible people and citizens;Professional education is to let a person have different strengths from others, to participate in the social division of labor, aimed at cultivating students in the future to engage in a certain career required ability。In this sense, the concept of "general education" emphasizes more on the responsibility of people in society, that is, the development of individuals should adapt to the development of society。
From the western logical thinking system, the logic of "general education" is quite rigorous。The basis of logical thinking is to classify things based on sets。If the relationship between the individual and society is regarded as the relationship between elements and sets，Then the element "individual" can belong to sets of different levels，For example: {individual}- family - social group - citizens - Earth inhabitants，The largest collection is the collection of all the people in the world, "Earth dwellers."，The smallest set is the set of individuals themselves. {individuals}。In logic, the parent sets are called Genera and the subsets are called Species.。If you order the set of individuals from the smallest set {individuals} to the largest set "Earth inhabitants"，So there are two dimensions of education，One dimension is what gives a person "attributes"，That is, like more people，Pointing in the direction of the parent set，This is General Education (general comes from the same root as the English word genera);Another dimension is to allow a person to have "differentia"，That is, different from other people of different kinds in the same set，Which means different from everyone else，Point in the direction of the subset，This is Specialized Education (Specialized Education is the same root as "species").。From the point of view of pure set analysis, these two dimensions are complete。
However, compared with the traditional Chinese educational concept, we can find that the logic of general education has its one-sidedness。In traditional Chinese culture, individuals can be further refined。For example, in Chinese characters, the three words "myself" all represent an individual, but the corresponding meanings are different。In ancient Chinese characters, "self" means "I" when no one else is present, and this "I" is an "independent me" that has nothing to do with others."Self" refers to the "I" associated with others, or the "I" playing a social role, or the "social I" in relation to others.。We believe that the comprehensiveness of society is reflected in the "five dimensions in one", that is, economy, politics, culture, society and ecology, and an individual should also have these five dimensions when connecting with society。Therefore, if education wants to achieve the unity of the comprehensiveness of individual development and the comprehensiveness of social development, it is necessary to consider whether the content of these five dimensions is involved。Take ecology as an example. In the past, we did not pay enough attention to ecological issues, but when we consider them as part of the overall development of society, we should consider the harmonious coexistence of man and nature in education。The same is true of culture, whether our education has achieved the inheritance and innovation of culture？For example, we find that most people do not take the initiative to read classics such as the Records of the Grand Historian, and cultural inheritance and innovation seem to be the responsibility of only a few experts, so there is still a lot of work to be done in this area。当然，General education also has its advantages，It pays special attention to the relationship between education and the two aspects of "politics" and "economy"，On the one hand to make a person a responsible citizen - this is mainly political，On the other hand, it enables one to participate in the division of labor in society - this is the economic aspect，However, this is still limited relative to the overall layout of "five in one"，Be one-sided。
If the relationship between the individual and society is examined in the set，The so-called smallest set {individual} can be further divided into "self" and "self" two aspects，The so-called largest collection of "Earth dwellers" can also be further expanded，Because from a cultural and historical point of view，It's not just the people who are alive right now，Think about the people who have lived and the people who will live，From the perspective of the "residents.，It's not just about humans，There are other species to consider。
It can be seen from the above analysis，The framework of general education is one-sided，In two ways，One is from the individual，Ignoring the overall quality of people themselves，The development of people themselves is not regarded as the fundamental purpose of education;The second is from the perspective of society，It focuses on the political and economic dimensions，Focus on living people in society，It has significant utilitarian characteristics。
Building a more comprehensive education system
Thinking about the comprehensiveness of education leads us to reflect on how the mission of universities should change in the context of today's times。We need a more holistic education system。
First of all, from the perspective of "self", education should pay attention to the "quality" that an independent individual must have when he does not play any social role, that is, to promote the all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, the United States and labor。The qualities that individuals possess when they are not playing any social role are qualities.。To strengthen quality education, universities need to create a better environment for students to develop their own quality through introspection。Of course, this kind of introspection is closely related to social activities, not isolated。Individuals need to constantly examine where they need to improve in the interaction with society, and then improve their own quality。
Secondly, from the perspective of "oneself", when considering how an individual can better play a social role in society and in the process of interacting with others, we used to pay more attention to general education, that is, to consider more political and economic social roles。However, in accordance with the requirements of the comprehensive development of today's society, we must also consider the role of culture, the role of ecology and the role of interaction with other civilizations that the educated must play。We call this part of education transcendental education。
Based on the above analysis，We advocate comprehensive sex education on the basis of inheriting "general education"，On the one hand, we must strengthen "quality education"，Promote individual "morality, intelligence, physical beauty and labor" all-round development，On the other hand, "transcendental education" should be strengthened.，It includes cultivating individual cultural community consciousness (national community consciousness), human and natural life community consciousness, and human destiny community consciousness。
Building a more comprehensive education system，We must strengthen our confidence in education，Adhere to the comprehensive value orientation，Against simple "individualistic" or "social" theories，Advocate the unity of the all-round development of human beings and the all-round progress of society;Insist on a complete analysis of the logical system of education，The opposition stops at the "atomization of the individual" and the "general education of the citizen".，Advocate the unity of "human's overall quality (morality, intelligence, physical fitness, beauty and labor) and human's overall role (utility plus transcendence)"。
Author: Wang Xiqin President of Tsinghua University, Vice President of the Chinese Association of Higher Education
Source: wechat public account "China Higher Education Research" (original published in "China Higher Education Research" No. 9, 2023)